Graphene
Anti-microbial admixtures
In applications where concrete is exposed to sewage or wastewater, activity by micro-organisms can lead to bio-deterioration of concrete through a process known as microbial-induced corrosion.
Dermatitis
Concrete, while it is still wet, is notorious for its harmful effects on the skin and contact dermatitis (which means inflammation of the skin which has come into contact with a harmful substance) is a well known side effect of handling concrete.
Natural pozzolana and natural calcined pozzolana
Reduction in the embodied carbon of concrete by reducing the Portland cement content can be achieved by partial replacements and ternary blends. Fly ash, GGBS and limestone powder are well established in the market and their proportions to achieve durability are tabulated in BS 8500.
Cement designations in BS 8500
BS 8500-2: 2023 Concrete – Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206, Table 1 provides a list of general purpose cements and combinations. In this context, a cement is a factory produced Portland cement or a composite of Portland cement with one, or more additions, and a combination is a blend of Portland cement with up to two additions combined in the mixer at the concrete plant. These are prefixed with either “