|
Title:
´Basic´ concrete mix design method
(876)
|
|
Short description:
The Basic Mix design method was devised by Philip Owens when at the C&CA, now the BCA. more
|
|
|
Title:
‘How to design leaflets’ for Eurocode 2
(616)
|
|
Short description:
A series of leaflets entitled How to design concrete structures using Eurocode 2 has been produced by the Concrete Centre, which are aimed at making the transition to Eurocode 2 more straightforward. more
|
|
|
Title:
Abbreviations for organisations etc
(418)
|
|
Short description:
There are many trade bodies, societies, government departments and other organisations which have very long ´corporate´ names. more
|
|
|
Title:
Abbreviations, common terms etc
(417)
|
|
Short description:
Abbreviations are used through the construction industry as a short form of product or organisation identification. more
|
|
|
Title:
Abrasion resistance – lightweight aggregate
(652)
|
|
Short description:
For most purposes the abrasion resistance of a floor containing lightweight coarse aggregate can be specified exactly as for a normal weight aggregate concrete floor, provided natural sand is used as the fine aggregate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Abreviations for common products
(412)
|
|
Short description:
The following are common abreviations within the concrete industry. more
|
|
|
Title:
Abreviations for common units
(413)
|
|
Short description:
The following are the basic units used for specifying and designing concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Accelerating admixtures
(473)
|
|
Short description:
Accelerating admixtures can be used to increase either the rate of stiffening or setting of the concrete or the rate of hardening and early strength gain to allow earlier formwork striking and demoulding. more
|
|
|
Title:
Acceptable crack widths in floors
(898)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Accessories for formwork
(31)
|
|
Short description:
Accessories for formwork includes those small items, such as tie bars required for fixing the formwork in the correct location, materials for sealing to prevent grout loss from the concrete and inserts for fixing dowel bars. more
|
|
|
Title:
Accessories for prestressing
(234)
|
|
Short description:
For prestressing, accessories include the following items. more
|
|
|
Title:
Accreditation
(69)
|
|
Short description:
Many of the processes, such as design, manufacture and supply of concrete, reinforcement and other products are covered by accreditation schemes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Achieving good quality surface finishes
(647)
|
|
Short description:
There are three main factors required to produce a good quality concrete surface: more
|
|
|
Title:
ACI concrete mix design method
(877)
|
|
Short description:
ACI recommends a relationship between compressive strength and w/c ratio. more
|
|
|
Title:
Acid etched finish
(726)
|
|
Short description:
Acid etching is a method of removing laitance from the concrete surface to expose the colour and texture of the matrix beneath. more
|
|
|
Title:
Acids
(284)
|
|
Short description:
Acids generally attack the surface of concrete by dissolving the matrix leading to surface disintegration. more
|
|
|
Title:
Action of ‘common’ substances
(285)
|
|
Short description:
Some common substances that may come into contact with concrete, particularly when the structure is used for processing or storage, and their effects on concrete are shown in the table. more
|
|
|
Title:
Additional concrete section
(40)
|
|
Short description:
Increasing the concrete cross-section may be appropriate where the existing section has been shown to be deficient, either due to inadequate reinforcement or an insufficient concrete compressive area. more
|
|
|
Title:
Additional cover on reinforcing steel
(912)
|
|
Short description:
It is important to recognise that reinforced concrete will generally crack; only when a crack forms does the reinforcement start to carry any appreciable load. more
|
|
|
Title:
Additional prestressing
(39)
|
|
Short description:
The provision of additional prestressing is a technique that is used to improve the serviceability performance of concrete structures generally by reducing deflections. more
|
|
|
Title:
Additional tests
(466)
|
|
Short description:
Laboratory tests of porosity, water absorption, permeability and diffusion of gases and ionic species can be carried out on sections from cores. more
|
|
|
Title:
Additions
(58)
|
|
Short description:
The current Standards for additions are as follows. more
|
|
|
Title:
Adhesive connections between precast units
(738)
|
|
Short description:
Connections between precast concrete units can be formed using adhesives (such as epoxies) rather than cement-based mortars. more
|
|
|
Title:
Admixture health & safety
(488)
|
|
Short description:
All the principal admixture companies supply safety data sheets for their products. more
|
|
|
Title:
Admixture standards
(57)
|
|
Short description:
The British Standard for Admixtures BS 5075 has been replaced by six parts of BS EN 934 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. more
|
|
|
Title:
Admixtures
(127)
|
|
Short description:
Admixtures are materials, mainly liquids, that are added, to the concrete at the batching stage, and modify the properties of the plastic or hardened concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Admixtures - environmental aspects
(150)
|
|
Short description:
There are many admixture types that improve the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Admixtures for home use
(406)
|
|
Short description:
Chemical admixtures can be purchased from builders merchants and may be used in DIY work. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aerated concrete
(15)
|
|
Short description:
Aerated concrete is produced by the incorporation of a gas or air in a base mortar mix, it is categorised in two groups. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregate
(523)
|
|
Short description:
Most aggregates are stable but a few exhibit changes that can affect the performance. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregate for home use
(405)
|
|
Short description:
In concrete the major constituent in terms of volume is the aggregate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregate sizes
(129)
|
|
Short description:
Fine aggregate is material that will pass through a 4mm sieve. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregate softening
(514)
|
|
Short description:
Softening can take place when an aggregate contains weak or porous particles. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregate swelling and shrinkage
(513)
|
|
Short description:
Shrinkage of clay-rich particles is very common although they do not usually form a large proportion of an aggregate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregate type
(130)
|
|
Short description:
Normal weight aggregates, used for most concretes, are naturally occurring gravels from land or marine sources, or crushed rocks, for example, limestone, granite or basalt. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregates
(128)
|
|
Short description:
In concrete the major constituent in terms of volume is Aggregate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregates - European standards
(54)
|
|
Short description:
The following European Standards cover the properties of aggregates. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregates – Tests for properties
(610)
|
|
Short description:
The following Standards cover the properties of aggregates for concrete; each is divided into a number of Parts as indicated. more
|
|
|
Title:
Aggregates and the environment
(195)
|
|
Short description:
Actions taken by the aggregate industry to reduce the environmental impact of aggregate production include the increased use of recycled concrete as aggregate and artificial aggregates made from by-products of other industries. more
|
|
|
Title:
Agrément
(544)
|
|
Short description:
Agrément, when literally translated, means approval. more
|
|
|
Title:
Air content
(561)
|
|
Short description:
An air content test is required for checking air-entrained concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Air-entraining admixtures
(474)
|
|
Short description:
Air-entraining admixtures cause small stable bubbles of air to form uniformly through a concrete mix. more
|
|
|
Title:
Airfield concrete
(442)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete used in the construction of roads and airfield runways and aprons is not unlike that used in other building or civil engineering projects. more
|
|
|
Title:
Airports
(626)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is extensively used for the runways, taxiways and aprons of airports. more
|
|
|
Title:
Anchorages
(541)
|
|
Short description:
Anchorages are used to fix the ends of the tendons in post-tensioning systems. more
|
|
|
Title:
Angle grinder
(741)
|
|
Short description:
An angle grinder, fitted with either abrasive wheels or diamond tipped blades, may be used to form a shallow cut into concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Approach to design
(228)
|
|
Short description:
Design standards specify the required load capacities of structures and aspects of their in-service performance (such as recommendations for permissible deflections). more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessing concrete surface finishes
(646)
|
|
Short description:
The production of a good quality ‘as struck’ finish is not an easy task and one of the biggest problems is the subjective interpretation of a written specification. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment - general
(438)
|
|
Short description:
To assess the characteristics of a mix, there are any number of tests that can be performed on both the hardened and fresh concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment of concrete bridges
(863)
|
|
Short description:
Bridges are key parts of the road network and it is therefore essential that they should be able to carry the required traffic loads, which may be greater than those for which they were originally designed. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment of existing structural strength
(705)
|
|
Short description:
The Highways Agency document BD 44, The assessment of concrete highway bridges and structures, modifies the clauses in BS 5400 Part 4, Code of practice for design of concrete bridges, for use when determining the strength of existing bridges. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment of fire-damaged structures
(893)
|
|
Short description:
Most fire-damaged structures can be successfully repaired, this being the more cost-effective solution than demolition and reconstruction. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment of historic concrete structures
(838)
|
|
Short description:
There will be many situations in which there may be a need to assess the condition of concrete structures, for example if there are visible signs of distress (e. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment of in situ concrete strength
(703)
|
|
Short description:
There may be a need to assess the strength of the concrete in an existing structure, perhaps to determine its ability to carry additional loads or following modification. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessment of reinforcement strength
(704)
|
|
Short description:
There may be a need to assess the strength of the reinforcement in an existing structure, perhaps to determine its ability to carry additional loads or following modification. more
|
|
|
Title:
Assessories
(68)
|
|
Short description:
Accessories for concrete include the small items used during the construction of a concrete structure. more
|
|
|
Title:
Autogenous healing
(651)
|
|
Short description:
Autogenous healing is the natural process of crack repair that can occur in concrete in the presence of moisture, and the absence of tensile stress. more
|
|
|
Title:
Autogenous shrinkage cracks
(798)
|
|
Short description:
Autogenous shrinkage is an important phenomenon in young concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Avoiding thermal contraction cracks
(450)
|
|
Short description:
In terms of avoiding thermal contraction cracks, BS 8110 says that “Experience has shown that by limiting temperature differentials to 20°C in gravel aggregate concrete, cracking can be avoided” and gives the limiting differential temperatures shown in the Table. more
|
|
|
Title:
Axial shortening of columns
(890)
|
|
Short description:
Reinforced concrete columns and walls shorten owing to elastic compression, creep and shrinkage, although the effect is not significant for buildings less than about 10–15 storeys. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bacteriological attack
(518)
|
|
Short description:
Bacteriological attack is, strictly, a misnomer as bacteria do not themselves attack concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bagged cements
(803)
|
|
Short description:
There is more than one type of cement available in bags from builders’ merchants. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bars
(110)
|
|
Short description:
, mild steel and high yield steel respectively. more
|
|
|
Title:
Basic properties
(525)
|
|
Short description:
The following Table gives the compressive strengths (based on cylinders and cubes), modulus of elasticity and tensile strength for various strength classes of normal weight concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Basis of design
(233)
|
|
Short description:
The basic principle of prestressed concrete design is that some or all of the concrete cross-section is put into compression during the construction process. more
|
|
|
Title:
Batch water reduction
(197)
|
|
Short description:
Water-reducing chemical admixtures can dramatically reduce the amount of water required to achieve the specified workability and durability. more
|
|
|
Title:
Batching
(210)
|
|
Short description:
Batching is the process of mixing the concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Batching by volume - DIY
(440)
|
|
Short description:
When concrete is to be mixed on site rather than ordered from a ready-mixed concrete supplier, an estimate of the materials needed is necessary. more
|
|
|
Title:
Beam & block floors
(313)
|
|
Short description:
These systems combine prestressed beams with either solid blocks or voided ‘pots’. more
|
|
|
Title:
Beam vibrators
(215)
|
|
Short description:
In their simplest form, beam vibrators consist are petrol-driven or electrical vibrators mounted on a suitable length timber beam, spanning between side formwork, that are used level and compact concrete slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Beams
(272)
|
|
Short description:
Beams are the main horizontal load-bearing elements of frame buildings and of structures such as bridges. more
|
|
|
Title:
Beams and columns (BS EN)
(764)
|
|
Short description:
The requirements for the basic performance criteria and evaluation of conformity for precast beams, columns and frame elements made from reinforced or prestressed normal weight concrete, used for the construction of buildings and other civil engineering structures (except bridges), are given in: more
|
|
|
Title:
Bending schedules
(115)
|
|
Short description:
The design of the reinforcement for a concrete member will generally lead to the requirement for a variety of shapes as well as straight bars. more
|
|
|
Title:
Benefits of prestressing
(538)
|
|
Short description:
The main benefit of prestressing is that the build up of tension under service loads and possible cracking may be avoided or reduced to a low level. more
|
|
|
Title:
Biological growth
(519)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete surfaces can become discoloured for a variety of reasons. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bleeding and segregation
(832)
|
|
Short description:
Bleeding is a form of segregation where some of the water in the concrete tends to rise to the surface of the freshly placed material. more
|
|
|
Title:
Blemishes in power trowelled slabs
(900)
|
|
Short description:
Power trowelled concrete floors occasionally exhibit surface blemishes believed to be caused by the proximity to the surface of coarse aggregate particles. more
|
|
|
Title:
Blocks
(325)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete block paving is available in a variety of colours, shapes and textures. more
|
|
|
Title:
Blocks and bricks
(27)
|
|
Short description:
BS 6073 Part 2, Method for specifying precast concrete masonry units gives sizes and strengths in common use together with other useful information. more
|
|
|
Title:
Blow holes
(453)
|
|
Short description:
Blow holes are individual, generally rounded, cavities on vertical surfaces of concrete, generally less than 10 mm across. more
|
|
|
Title:
Blue tinge associated with ggbs
(732)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete containing a blended cement of Portland cement and ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) will sometimes exhibit a blue tinge on the surface, after the form-face has been struck, during the first few days of exposure to air. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bolted Linings
(319)
|
|
Short description:
and sulfate resisting cement. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bonding aids
(493)
|
|
Short description:
The objectives of applying a bonding aid are to reduce the suction from the substrate and to provide an adhesive that sticks the repair matrial to the parent concrete in the hardened state. more
|
|
|
Title:
Box Culverts
(301)
|
|
Short description:
Box culvert sections can be manufactured in a variety of shapes and sizes. more
|
|
|
Title:
BRE Concrete mix design method
(435)
|
|
Short description:
A popular simplified mix design method is that from BRE. more
|
|
|
Title:
Breaking out
(491)
|
|
Short description:
Before breaking out is undertaken, it is necessary to be certain that the reduction in structural section will not overstress the member. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridge cantilever construction - applications
(379)
|
|
Short description:
This type of construction has been used in a large number of bridges around the world. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridge cantilever construction - cable stayed
(467)
|
|
Short description:
Cable-stayed bridges can be built as a cantilever construction. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridge cantilever construction - insitu
(378)
|
|
Short description:
Balanced cantilever construction is an economical method when access from the below is expensive or practically impossible. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridge cantilever construction - precast
(377)
|
|
Short description:
Balanced cantilever construction is an economical method when access from below is expensive or practically impossible. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridge deck waterproofing
(777)
|
|
Short description:
The waterproofing of bridge decks is recognised in the UK as a vital operation to enhance the durability of the structure. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridge expansion joints
(735)
|
|
Short description:
Bridges expand and contract due to temperature changes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridges
(169)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is used for all the component parts of bridges, that is the foundations, abutments and retaining walls, piers, main beams, deck slab. more
|
|
|
Title:
Bridges and tunnels
(627)
|
|
Short description:
and associated sub-entries. more
|
|
|
Title:
British Standard definitions for chairs
(364)
|
|
Short description:
BS 7973 defines the various types of chairs available as follows. more
|
|
|
Title:
British Standard definitions for spacers
(363)
|
|
Short description:
BS 7973 defines the various types of spacers available as follows. more
|
|
|
Title:
Brushed finish
(881)
|
|
Short description:
A brushed finish is obtained by pulling a brush over the surface of the fresh concrete, after the surface has been levelled. more
|
|
|
Title:
BS 8500 - Concrete
(436)
|
|
Short description:
BS 8500 - Concrete, is the complementary British Standard to BS EN 206 - 1 and was first published in March 2002. more
|
|
|
Title:
Building a concrete pond
(601)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can make a durable and long lasting garden pond, although the effects of freeze thaw action should be taken into consideration. more
|
|
|
Title:
Building a concrete pond
(809)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can make a durable and long lasting garden pond, although the effects of freeze thaw action should be taken into consideration. more
|
|
|
Title:
Building applications
(253)
|
|
Short description:
A wide range of structural possibilities is provided by load bearing concrete masonry. more
|
|
|
Title:
Building performance Questions
(666)
|
|
Short description:
This is wide ranging subject area which covers the performance of the structure as a whole or part thereof. more
|
|
|
Title:
Building Regulations
(66)
|
|
Short description:
The Building Regulations cover all aspects of the design of a building, to ensure the safety of the structure itself, its performance and the well-being of its users. more
|
|
|
Title:
Buildings
(70)
|
|
Short description:
Building is the general term used to cover construction for the dwellings, office space, retail premises, public spaces etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Calcuim chloride
(887)
|
|
Short description:
Calcium chloride was used as an accelerating admixture in concrete up until the mid 1970s. more
|
|
|
Title:
Carbonation
(736)
|
|
Short description:
Carbonation is the reaction of carbon dioxide in the environment with the calcium hydroxide in the cement paste. more
|
|
|
Title:
Carbonation depth
(463)
|
|
Short description:
Cement paste has a pH of about 13 which provides a protective layer (passive coating) to the steel reinforcement against corrosion. more
|
|
|
Title:
Casting concrete sculptures
(808)
|
|
Short description:
For most sculptures a master is made, from which a mould is produced, in which the concrete is cast. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cathodic protection
(926)
|
|
Short description:
Many Clients are starting to require that personnel involved with the design, installation, operation, maintenance and monitoring of cathodic protection systems for reinforced and prestressed concrete structures should be accredited in accordance with BS EN 15257, Competence levels and certification of cathodic protection personnel, or are similarly qualified and experienced. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cathodic protection
(498)
|
|
Short description:
Cathodic protection is used to prevent or reduce corrosion rates. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cathodic protection - European Standard
(505)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
CE Marking
(564)
|
|
Short description:
From April 2001 it has been possible for construction products to be placed on the UK and European market with CE Marking, based on a harmonised European Standard. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cement
(55)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 197 Cement. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cement and additions
(132)
|
|
Short description:
Safety Note - Most cements when mixed with water are highly alkaline and can produce alkali burns to unprotected skin. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cement and concrete terminology
(629)
|
|
Short description:
With the advent of European Standards, new words and phrases have been introduced in describing aspects of cement and concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cement for home use
(270)
|
|
Short description:
Portland cement (Pc) is the most common form of cement used for general purposes and can be purchased in 25 kg bags from local builders merchants. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cement history
(286)
|
|
Short description:
A lime concrete floor, made from quicklime (burnt limestone), stones and water built about 7000BC was found in Israel in 1985. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cement sand levelling screeds to receive floorings
(816)
|
|
Short description:
These are covered by BS 8204, Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings, Part 1: more
|
|
|
Title:
Cementitious terrazzo wearing surfaces
(817)
|
|
Short description:
These are covered by BS 8204, Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings, Part 4: more
|
|
|
Title:
Chain sawing & chain plunge sawing
(831)
|
|
Short description:
These machines are a development of the standard wood chain saw and are either hydraulically or petrol powered. more
|
|
|
Title:
Chemical deterioration
(280)
|
|
Short description:
Good concrete is not affected by many kinds of chemicals. more
|
|
|
Title:
Chloride extraction
(499)
|
|
Short description:
Electrochemical chloride extraction (or ‘desalination’) systems have been developed to remove chloride ions from contaminated concrete to overcome the problem of chloride-induced corrosion. more
|
|
|
Title:
Chloride in concrete (BS 8500)
(917)
|
|
Short description:
requires that concrete should have a maximum chloride ion content by mass of cement depending on certain criteria. more
|
|
|
Title:
Chloride ion concentration
(643)
|
|
Short description:
In chloride-contaminated concrete, it is necessary to determine the concentration of chloride ions at various depths in order to determine the likelihood of corrosion of the reinforcing steel. more
|
|
|
Title:
Chlorides
(282)
|
|
Short description:
The most significant and common sources of chlorides are marine environments and from de-icing salts applied to road surfaces during cold weather (winter). more
|
|
|
Title:
Chromium VI directive
(773)
|
|
Short description:
The Chromium (VI) Directive applies to cement and cement-containing preparations, effective from 17 January 2005. more
|
|
|
Title:
Civil engineering
(71)
|
|
Short description:
Civil engineering is the general term used to cover construction for the infrastructure (such as roads, railways, bridges, docks and harbours) and major structures such as power stations. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cladding
(252)
|
|
Short description:
The external cladding to a building can be wholly or partly of precast concrete panels, sometimes faced with brick or stone panels fastened to the precast concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Clam test
(573)
|
|
Short description:
Water permeability can be measured using the Clam, also known as the Autoclam, developed by Queens University Belfast. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cleaning – general
(578)
|
|
Short description:
Stains and growths can be removed from concrete, although it may be difficult to remove stains completely. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cold Joints
(372)
|
|
Short description:
Cold joints are formed primarily between two batches of concrete where the delivery and placement of the second batch has been delayed and the initial placed and compacted concrete has started to set. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cold weather concreting
(392)
|
|
Short description:
Special care must be taken when concrete is cast in winter. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cold weather concreting – composite slabs on steel decking
(884)
|
|
Short description:
Composite slabs on steel decking are widely used in steel framed buildings as they provide a quick and economical form of construction. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cold weather concreting - using heated concrete
(562)
|
|
Short description:
When concreting in cold weather, heated concrete has a ‘flying start’ in the race for early strength, provided that the heat is retained. more
|
|
|
Title:
Colour fade of paving flags
(784)
|
|
Short description:
Coloured, not natural, slabs are generally pigmented throughout. more
|
|
|
Title:
Colour variation
(920)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is a mixture of materials, the variability of which can influence the colour of the finished concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Colour variation
(455)
|
|
Short description:
Inherent colour variation, as opposed to surface staining or moisture and grout loss though leaking joints, is almost inevitable. more
|
|
|
Title:
Coloured concrete
(660)
|
|
Short description:
Coloured concrete is used in a wide variety of applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Column formwork
(857)
|
|
Short description:
The column formwork systems now available are normally modular in nature and allow quick assembly and erection on site while minimising labour and crane time. more
|
|
|
Title:
Columns
(273)
|
|
Short description:
Columns are the main vertical load-bearing elements of many buildings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Combination cements and environment
(194)
|
|
Short description:
Cementitious materials produced from by-products of other industries, for example, ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) and fly ash, also known as pulverised-fuel ash (pfa), can be used to supplement the Portland cement clinker. more
|
|
|
Title:
Common questions
(665)
|
|
Short description:
Compiling a list of Frequently Asked Questions on concrete construction issues is an impossible task. more
|
|
|
Title:
Compacting & finishing
(207)
|
|
Short description:
Fresh concrete must be compacted to ensure that it fully surrounds the reinforcement and completely fills the formwork or moulds. more
|
|
|
Title:
Compaction
(531)
|
|
Short description:
After concrete has been mixed, transported and placed, it contains entrapped air in the form of large voids. more
|
|
|
Title:
Compaction
(533)
|
|
Short description:
After concrete has been mixed, transported and placed, it contains entrapped air in the form of large voids. more
|
|
|
Title:
Composite Suspended Floors
(354)
|
|
Short description:
An efficient form of construction for suspended floors is to use precast concrete units with in situ concrete to form a composite slab. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concept design – frames
(599)
|
|
Short description:
There are various types of reinforced suspended concrete floors that may be used in buildings, ranging from flat slabs, through one- and two-way slabs, to ribbed and waffle slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concise Eurocode 2
(813)
|
|
Short description:
Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992-1-1) sets out general rules for the design of concrete structures and rules for the design of buildings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concise Eurocode 2 for bridges
(923)
|
|
Short description:
Part 2 of Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992-2) sets out general rules for the design of concrete bridges. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete
(75)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock being a combination of particles closely bound together. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete
(1)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete - normal types
(163)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can be classified in many ways. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete bases for screeds
(818)
|
|
Short description:
These are covered by BS 8204, Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings, Part 1: more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual
(834)
|
|
Short description:
The Institution of Structural Engineers’ Chartered Membership Examination is highly regarded both nationally and internationally. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete countertops
(565)
|
|
Short description:
There is a growing interest in the use of polished concrete for countertops, work surfaces and other domestic applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete finishes – general
(725)
|
|
Short description:
A great variety of colours, textures and finishes can be obtained from in situ or precast concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete floor finishes
(636)
|
|
Short description:
The floor of a car park should be serviceable but not noticeable. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete for manhole surrounds and kerb backing
(827)
|
|
Short description:
In the past where aggressive ground conditions (e. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete for pumping
(554)
|
|
Short description:
The concrete mix design must be correctly proportioned so that the concrete will flow easily and uniformly through the pipe-line. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete from ready-mixed concrete suppliers
(429)
|
|
Short description:
A ready-mixed concrete plant is set up to produce many types of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete history
(287)
|
|
Short description:
The early history of concrete follows that of cement. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete repairs
(490)
|
|
Short description:
Repairs are sometimes known as ‘patch repair’ when the area to be treated is small and ‘skin repair’ when, for example, the whole side of a member is to be broken out and reinstated. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete resistivity
(444)
|
|
Short description:
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is an electro-chemical process. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete surfaces for painting
(654)
|
|
Short description:
There are a number of problems relating to preparing or producing a concrete surface suitable for painting. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete towers for wind farms
(854)
|
|
Short description:
Harnessing wind energy is one of the most economically developed and rapidly growing renewable energy sources, both in the UK and worldwide. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete type by application
(681)
|
|
Short description:
There are many forms of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete type by property
(159)
|
|
Short description:
There are many forms of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Concrete wearing surfaces
(819)
|
|
Short description:
These are covered by BS 8204, Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings, Part 2: more
|
|
|
Title:
Congested reinforcement
(648)
|
|
Short description:
Congested reinforcement can lead to many problems of placing and compacting concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Consistence tolerance - slump test
(800)
|
|
Short description:
Consistence, measured using the slump test (BS EN 12350-2), is either specified as a class or target. more
|
|
|
Title:
Constituent materials
(420)
|
|
Short description:
The basic materials which make up the constituents or ingredients of concrete are Portland cement (not a trade name), sand, coarse aggregate (also called gravel or stone) and water. more
|
|
|
Title:
Constituents
(126)
|
|
Short description:
The basic constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction
(73)
|
|
Short description:
Construction is the total process of building a concrete structure to achieve the required form, strength and appearance. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction aspects
(225)
|
|
Short description:
Any construction process will have an effect on the local environment. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction joints - vertical
(399)
|
|
Short description:
It is often not possible to complete a job at one go, for example because of the size or complexity of the structure or because of limited materials or manpower. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction Joints - horizontal
(398)
|
|
Short description:
It is often not possible to complete a job at one go, for example because of the size or complexity of the structure or because of limited materials or manpower. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction methods for external paving
(874)
|
|
Short description:
Traditional construction methods for external paving can lead to slower rates of progress and as a result the construction of the paving may be on the ‘critical path’ of the construction programme. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction of composite slabs on steel decking
(885)
|
|
Short description:
The most common application for composite slabs on steel decking is in steel framed buildings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction of dams
(369)
|
|
Short description:
The size of concrete pours for dam construction are large. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction of prestressed concrete
(755)
|
|
Short description:
In general the construction of prestressed concrete elements (either pre-tensioned or post-tensioned) will be the same as that for reinforced concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction questions
(696)
|
|
Short description:
This is wide ranging subject area which covers almost any process that requires the connection of more than one element to form a structure or part structure. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction related cracks
(17)
|
|
Short description:
Various types of cracks may be formed during the construction process and changes within the young concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction related defects
(521)
|
|
Short description:
Unless care is taken with the design of the formwork and falsework, the selection of the concrete materials and the placing of the concrete, various defects may result. more
|
|
|
Title:
Construction Waste
(864)
|
|
Short description:
Construction and demolition is the single largest UK waste stream, and includes over 20% of all hazardous waste and 20% of fly-tipped waste. more
|
|
|
Title:
Containing waste
(770)
|
|
Short description:
Cut-off walls and engineered barriers, using cement-based grouts or concrete, can be formed using a range of ground engineering technologies to confine contamination, permitting redevelopment or re-use of a site. more
|
|
|
Title:
Contiguous Bored Piles/Secant Piles
(351)
|
|
Short description:
Closely spaced bored piles can be used to form a retaining wall, perhaps for the construction of a deep basement or a cut and cover tunnel. more
|
|
|
Title:
Continuous track supporting slab
(628)
|
|
Short description:
An alternative to conventional individual sleepers (or ties) resting on ballast for railway lines is the use of a continuous reinforced concrete slab. more
|
|
|
Title:
Control of cracking
(889)
|
|
Short description:
Reinforced concrete will generally crack. more
|
|
|
Title:
Controlled permeability formwork
(793)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete cast against wood or steel formwork has a reduced cement content and increased water/cement ratio (concrete is less dense and more porous) compared to concrete located beyond the cover zone. more
|
|
|
Title:
Controlling thermal contraction cracks
(451)
|
|
Short description:
The basic principle for the control of cracking is to provide a minimum amount of reinforcement such that its tensile capacity exceeds that of the concrete when it cracks. more
|
|
|
Title:
Conveyors
(220)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can be moved quickly for limited distances by conveyor. more
|
|
|
Title:
Core drill
(744)
|
|
Short description:
Core drilling is commonly used to create the holes for routing cables or for placing anchor bolts. more
|
|
|
Title:
Core drill trailer rigs
(828)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Core testing for strength
(576)
|
|
Short description:
Cores are cut using a drill with a hollow barrel tipped with industrial diamonds. more
|
|
|
Title:
Corrosion inhibitors
(497)
|
|
Short description:
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures, such as calcium nitrite, have been available for many years. more
|
|
|
Title:
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures
(477)
|
|
Short description:
Corrosion-inhibiting admixtures increase the passivation of reinforcement and other embedded steel. more
|
|
|
Title:
COSHH Regulations
(61)
|
|
Short description:
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Regulations, issued by the Health and Safety Executive, cover many of the materials used in concrete and in construction (including cement, admixtures etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Couplers
(124)
|
|
Short description:
When long lengths of bar are required, or when joining additional reinforcement to existing bars, bars are generally ‘lapped’ i. more
|
|
|
Title:
Crack injection
(489)
|
|
Short description:
Cracks need to be treated only when they are a potential threat to the durability of the reinforcement or are causing unacceptable leaks. more
|
|
|
Title:
Crack width and aesthetics
(911)
|
|
Short description:
Design codes, such as BS 8110 or Eurocode 2 (as amended by the UK National Annex) limit crack widths to 0. more
|
|
|
Title:
Crack width measurement
(464)
|
|
Short description:
The widths of cracks on the surface of concrete can be measured using a simple comparator consisting of a plastic strip with fixed width lines. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks
(99)
|
|
Short description:
Cracks may result from overloading and in very severe cases may affect the full depth and width of a concrete element. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks at joints
(23)
|
|
Short description:
Cracks that may form at construction joints. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks due to alkali-silica reaction
(223)
|
|
Short description:
Alkali-silica reaction occurs when the alkaline pour fluid in the cement paste reacts with the minerals in some aggregates. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks due to anchorage or lap failure
(189)
|
|
Short description:
Failure of the anchorage of a ribbed bar, or failure of a lap between ribbed bars, will lead to the formation of cracks along the line of the bar. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks due to freeze-thaw
(222)
|
|
Short description:
Water held in the pores of cement paste will freeze at low temperatures. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks due to impact damage
(191)
|
|
Short description:
Depending on the force applied, impact of a hard object on a concrete member may simply lead to some crushing of the concrete in the contact region but severe impact may also cause spalling of concrete from the back face. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks due to reinforcement corrosion
(192)
|
|
Short description:
Steel corrosion products (rust) usually occupy a much larger volume than the un-corroded steel and result in bursting stresses that can cause cracking and spalling of the concrete cover. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cracks induced by temperature changes
(190)
|
|
Short description:
All structures will be subjected to some form of temperature cycling during their life on a daily and/or seasonal basis. more
|
|
|
Title:
Crazing
(21)
|
|
Short description:
Crazing is a close pattern of narrow shallow interconnected cracks usually forming closed polygons. more
|
|
|
Title:
Crazing – power trowelled floors
(653)
|
|
Short description:
Surface crazing of power trowelled slabs would appear to be a very common phenomenon. more
|
|
|
Title:
Crib Walls
(317)
|
|
Short description:
Crib walls are formed from interlocking precast units (parallel to and at right angles to the line of the wall) that are built up to form a series of hollow boxes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cube dimensions and strength
(918)
|
|
Short description:
The concrete structural code Eurocode 2 (BS EN 1992) is based on cylinder compressive strength. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cubes - general
(556)
|
|
Short description:
It is a standard quality control procedure to make test cubes from the fresh concrete, which are then stored under controlled conditions and tested (generally at an age of 28 days). more
|
|
|
Title:
Curing
(393)
|
|
Short description:
Curing is the process of preventing the loss of moisture from the young concrete whilst maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime. more
|
|
|
Title:
Curing compounds & release agents
(200)
|
|
Short description:
Various materials are used as curing compounds, formwork release agents and other treatments. more
|
|
|
Title:
Curling of ground-supported floor slabs
(810)
|
|
Short description:
Curling of ground-supported floor slabs has been, and continues to be a problem. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cut and cover tunnels
(373)
|
|
Short description:
‘Cut and cover’ is an approach used for constructing shallow tunnels in situations where all the ground above the tunnel can be cleared. more
|
|
|
Title:
Cutting and bending reinforcement on site
(118)
|
|
Short description:
Generally reinforcement will be supplied cut and bent to the required shape. more
|
|
|
Title:
Dams
(170)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is the preferred material for dams, either for the whole structure (such as an arch dam) or for face in contact with the water. more
|
|
|
Title:
Decorative concrete
(162)
|
|
Short description:
The appearance of concrete is very important. more
|
|
|
Title:
Defect, damage, and repair questions
(697)
|
|
Short description:
This is wide ranging subject area which covers inherent defects, unforeseen problems, workmanship errors, damage and subsequent repair. more
|
|
|
Title:
Defects and Deterioration
(503)
|
|
Short description:
The term ‘defect’ may be used to describe a range of minor imperfections visible on the surface of the concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Definitions of terms describing reinforcement and prestressing steel
(806)
|
|
Short description:
Defining a technique and using the correct terminology correctly is important. more
|
|
|
Title:
Deflections in slabs and beams
(779)
|
|
Short description:
Deflections must always be considered in the design of slabs and beams. more
|
|
|
Title:
deleted
(147)
|
|
Short description:
|
|
|
Title:
Demolition
(747)
|
|
Short description:
Various pieces of equipment are available for small scale, or localised, demolition of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Demolition & recycling
(208)
|
|
Short description:
There will often be a need to demolish concrete structures, either partially or fully. more
|
|
|
Title:
Demolition hammers and breakers
(868)
|
|
Short description:
Demolition hammers typically deliver over 2000 blows per minute, demolishing concrete walls, ceilings and paths. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design
(232)
|
|
Short description:
The basic design principle is that the prestressing force is provided to counteract the tensile forces induced in the concrete member by externally applied loads. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design
(74)
|
|
Short description:
Design covers the process of determining the overall concept of the structure itself, deciding on the form of construction and selecting appropriate dimensions and details to ensure that the structure carries the loads as intended throughout the structure´s intended life. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design
(24)
|
|
Short description:
The main Code of Practice for the design of reinforced or prestressed concrete structures (excluding bridges) is BS 8110, Structural use of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design
(45)
|
|
Short description:
Various bodies provide accreditation for Quality Assurance schemes that cover the design of structures, including BSI and Lloyd’s Register. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design - European Standards
(292)
|
|
Short description:
Common European Standards are being prepared to cover all aspects of design. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design for movements in buildings
(888)
|
|
Short description:
The greater parts of codes of practice and textbooks on reinforced concrete focus on design to resist externally applied loads, deriving the reinforcement needed to resist axial loads, bending moments and shear forces. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design of external in-situ concrete paving
(871)
|
|
Short description:
Thickness design methods for unreinforced and reinforced concrete pavements have been established for many years. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design of falsework
(265)
|
|
Short description:
Falsework must be designed to carry all vertical, horizontal and inclined loads imposed upon it by the structure it is supporting including construction operations and wind loading. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design of fibre-reinforced external in-situ concrete paving
(872)
|
|
Short description:
Many thousands of square metres of fibre-reinforced concrete warehouse floors and areas of external concrete paving have been successfully constructed in the United Kingdom over the past five to ten years. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design of flat slab floors
(846)
|
|
Short description:
Flat slabs design is appropriate for most floor situations and is also suitable for irregular column layouts, curved floor shapes, ramps etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design of formwork
(267)
|
|
Short description:
The design of formwork should be undertaken by an experienced Temporary Works Designer. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design of ground-supported floors
(622)
|
|
Short description:
Traditionally ground-supported floor slabs have been designed by elastic methods, using equations developed by Westergaard in the 1920s that are still widely used. more
|
|
|
Title:
Design Principles
(47)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete structures are designed to Limit State principles, with the intention that they should behave adequately in use (the Serviceability Limit State) and also have sufficient strength under load (the Ultimate limit State). more
|
|
|
Title:
Design working life
(750)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 1990, Eurocode - Basis of structural design, (Eurocode 0) gives indicative design working lives (in Table 2. more
|
|
|
Title:
Designated - ready-mixed concrete
(430)
|
|
Short description:
British Standard BS 8500-1: more
|
|
|
Title:
Designed - ready-mixed concrete
(431)
|
|
Short description:
British Standard BS 8500-1: more
|
|
|
Title:
Designed and Detailed
(919)
|
|
Short description:
Designed and Detailed has been one of the standard publications giving guidance on the design of a reinforced concrete framed structure since it was first published by the Cement and Concrete Association in 1973. more
|
|
|
Title:
Detailed inspection
(289)
|
|
Short description:
In addition to a review of all the observations made in the preliminary report a detailed inspection should be planned by firstly bringing together and assessing any additional material such as existing records. more
|
|
|
Title:
Detailing of reinforcement
(644)
|
|
Short description:
Design methods in codes of practice lead to the required cross-sectional area of steel reinforcement in a member (e. more
|
|
|
Title:
Detailing symbols (previous & current)
(656)
|
|
Short description:
The symbols used on reinforcement drawings to indicate the type of reinforcement have been specified in various Standards over the years, as indicated below: more
|
|
|
Title:
Deterioration by abrasion
(278)
|
|
Short description:
Abrasion can lead to the wearing away of surface concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Deterioration by impact
(277)
|
|
Short description:
Impact damage usually causes some concrete to be damaged and lost. more
|
|
|
Title:
Deterioration of concrete
(306)
|
|
Short description:
As with all materials, concrete deteriorates with time, mainly due to the efects of the environment (such as weathering), physical damage (such as abrasion), chemical attack. more
|
|
|
Title:
Development of design codes
(456)
|
|
Short description:
The first design code for concrete structures was introduced in 1934. more
|
|
|
Title:
Development of plain concrete bridges
(585)
|
|
Short description:
Gariel, Coignet and then Monier built concrete arches (without reinforcement) in continental Europe in the 1850s. more
|
|
|
Title:
Development of precast concrete bridges
(588)
|
|
Short description:
It is uncertain when precast concrete was introduced into the UK but early applications revolved around railway footbridges, with the Southern Railway leading the way at Oxshott, Surrey (1908) and Exeter (1923). more
|
|
|
Title:
Development of prestressed concrete bridges
(587)
|
|
Short description:
The outstanding feature of concrete bridges both during and after the Second World War was the advent of prestressed concrete, used to rebuild the many bridges that had been destroyed, especially in Continental Europe. more
|
|
|
Title:
Development of reinforced concrete bridges
(586)
|
|
Short description:
The use of reinforced concrete in the UK probably started with the Homersfield Bridge over the River Waverney on the Norfolk/Suffolk border in 1870, when iron was embedded in the concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Developments in reinforcement and prestressing
(655)
|
|
Short description:
As Codes and Standards for materials and for design have developed over the years, so the properties of steel reinforcement have improved. more
|
|
|
Title:
Diagnosis
(76)
|
|
Short description:
As with all materials, concrete deteriorates with time. more
|
|
|
Title:
Diagnosis
(290)
|
|
Short description:
Diagnosis of defects starts with the need to identify the type of defect, classification of the cause, assessment of its extent, development to date, likely future progress, and its effects on the structural stability of the member or structure concerned. more
|
|
|
Title:
Diamond drill
(743)
|
|
Short description:
Diamond drilling is used when precise circular cuts are needed, to create openings for example, for plumbing, electrical and heating/ventilation installations. more
|
|
|
Title:
Diamond wire saw
(746)
|
|
Short description:
The method of setting up is similar to that of the track saw (see separate entry) but with the saw blade replaced by a grooved 800 mm diameter pulley wheel to take the diamond wire, which is passed over any number of small idler pulleys to the surface being cut. more
|
|
|
Title:
Diaphragm walls
(374)
|
|
Short description:
Diaphragm walls are a used to construct retaining walls for deep basements, underpasses and the like, with the walls being constructed before excavation. more
|
|
|
Title:
Dispensing admixtures
(485)
|
|
Short description:
Admixtures are added to concrete in small dosages hence accurate dispensing is important. more
|
|
|
Title:
Domestic (high-rise)
(402)
|
|
Short description:
High-rise domestic buildings (or tower blocks) have traditionally been built using proprietary precast concrete systems, consisting of walls and floors. more
|
|
|
Title:
Domestic (low rise)
(401)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is widely used in a variety of applications in low-rise housing, including the foundations, ground-supported floor slabs and suspended slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Double Tees
(312)
|
|
Short description:
A Double Tee has a top flange and two webs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Drainage
(256)
|
|
Short description:
Many different types of precast concrete units are available for drainage
application. more
|
|
|
Title:
Drainage/Pipes
(328)
|
|
Short description:
Flexibly jointed concrete pipes (to BS 5911: more
|
|
|
Title:
Drilling and cutting
(740)
|
|
Short description:
Drilling or cutting of concrete may be required for a number of reasons. more
|
|
|
Title:
Drying shrinkage cracks
(22)
|
|
Short description:
Cracks formed by restraint to volume changes caused by loss of excess water. more
|
|
|
Title:
Dry-packed materials
(59)
|
|
Short description:
BS 5838, ´Specification for dry packaged cementitious mixes´: more
|
|
|
Title:
Duct liners
(235)
|
|
Short description:
In post-tensioned structures ducts are formed in the concrete through which the strands are passed. more
|
|
|
Title:
Dumper trucks
(221)
|
|
Short description:
Dumper trucks are used for general transport on many construction sites and may be used to move concrete provided the ground is relatively level. more
|
|
|
Title:
Durability design
(34)
|
|
Short description:
A durable concrete structure requires careful attention to all aspects of design, materials and construction. more
|
|
|
Title:
Durability of car parks
(634)
|
|
Short description:
The exposure conditions for car parks in countries where de-icing chemicals are frequently used are much more severe than those for conventional buildings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Dust samples
(570)
|
|
Short description:
Dust samples are frequently obtained directly from structures using a hand-held rotary percussive drill (with a 10, 12 or even 20 mm bit). more
|
|
|
Title:
Dusting
(679)
|
|
Short description:
Powdering at the surface of a concrete slab is called dusting. more
|
|
|
Title:
Early cement
(447)
|
|
Short description:
Cement is the glue that holds mortar and concrete together and may have a range of different chemical compositions. more
|
|
|
Title:
Early concrete
(445)
|
|
Short description:
The word concrete comes from the Latin ‘concretus’ meaning grown together or compounded. more
|
|
|
Title:
Early-age thermal crack control
(839)
|
|
Short description:
Early-age thermal cracking occurs when the tensile strain, arising from either restrained thermal contraction or a temperature differential within the concrete section, exceeds the tensile strain capacity of the concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Effect of induced vibration
(724)
|
|
Short description:
When concrete repairs are carried out close to a source of vibration, for example on a bridge deck with traffic still running on an adjacent carriageway, there may be concerns that the vibrations may affect the concrete properties. more
|
|
|
Title:
Embodied CO2
(814)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
EN 1504: Part 4 to 6
(502)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 1504, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures: more
|
|
|
Title:
EN 1504: Parts 1 to 3
(501)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 1504, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures: more
|
|
|
Title:
EN 1504: Parts 7 to 10
(504)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 1504, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures: more
|
|
|
Title:
Encapsulating waste
(771)
|
|
Short description:
Some liquid toxic wastes (such as those containing metals with low organic contents arising from metal finishing and plating processes) can be treated with cement. more
|
|
|
Title:
Enhancing the capacity of concrete bridges
(915)
|
|
Short description:
The increasing demands placed on the UK bridge stock during the last decade, including the introduction of 40 tonne vehicles and a robust motorway widening programme, caused a major re-evaluation of bridge strengthening. more
|
|
|
Title:
Environmental aspects
(77)
|
|
Short description:
Environmental aspects cover the impacts on the environment of the production process (including extraction of raw materials, processing, storage, transportation etc) both of the constituent materials of concrete and the concrete product itself. more
|
|
|
Title:
Environmental deterioration
(274)
|
|
Short description:
The main environmental deterioration effects on concrete stem from weathering, freeze/thaw, and fatigue from thermal movement caused by variations in temperature. more
|
|
|
Title:
Environmental Impact of Aggregates
(148)
|
|
Short description:
Aggregates form the major part of concrete and are derived from many types of rock. more
|
|
|
Title:
Environmental impact of Formwork
(199)
|
|
Short description:
Formwork is an essential part of concrete construction as it provides the mould in which an element is cast. more
|
|
|
Title:
Environmental questions
(698)
|
|
Short description:
This is a wide ranging subject area which covers mineral extraction and processing through to construction issues, building energy consumption, demolition and recycling. more
|
|
|
Title:
Equipment and plant
(78)
|
|
Short description:
A wide range of equipment and plant is required to mix concrete, transport it, place it in the formwork, compact and finish it, whether built in situ or precast. more
|
|
|
Title:
Erection & dismantling
(266)
|
|
Short description:
Falsework should be designed and detailed so that it can be erected and dismantled without compromising the safety of operatives and/or the permanent structure. more
|
|
|
Title:
Erection of precast concrete cladding
(606)
|
|
Short description:
The Code of practice for the safe erection of precast concrete cladding, prepared by the Architectural Cladding Association, gives general guidance on all aspects of the design and construction process as they relate to safety. more
|
|
|
Title:
Erection of precast concrete flooring
(607)
|
|
Short description:
The Code of practice for the safe erection of precast concrete flooring and associated components, published by the Precast Flooring Federation, gives general guidance on all aspects of the design and construction process as they relate to safety. more
|
|
|
Title:
Erection of precast concrete frameworks
(605)
|
|
Short description:
The Code of practice for the safe erection of precast concrete frameworks, prepared by the Structural Precast Association, gives general guidance on all aspects of the design and construction process as they relate to safety. more
|
|
|
Title:
Erosion protection
(326)
|
|
Short description:
There are a variety of precast blocks that are suitable for erosion protection, for river banks and similar applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Estimating the quantity of dry-blended concrete
(439)
|
|
Short description:
When concrete is to be mixed on site rather than ordered from a ready-mixed concrete supplier, an estimate of the materials requirement is necessary. more
|
|
|
Title:
Estimation of concrete volume requirement
(441)
|
|
Short description:
To estimate the quantity of concrete required for simple projects such as slabs and paths. more
|
|
|
Title:
European standards for design
(407)
|
|
Short description:
Common European Standards are being prepared to cover all aspects of design. more
|
|
|
Title:
European Standards for loadings
(408)
|
|
Short description:
Common European Standards have been prepared to cover all aspects of design. more
|
|
|
Title:
Example of U value calculation
(598)
|
|
Short description:
The example uses the following formulae. more
|
|
|
Title:
Excess water
(851)
|
|
Short description:
The key to achieving durable and quality concrete is the control of the constituent materials, both physical properties and quantities. more
|
|
|
Title:
Expanded Linings
(321)
|
|
Short description:
Expanded tunnel linings were first patented in the late 1940s. more
|
|
|
Title:
Expanded Polystyrene
(340)
|
|
Short description:
Expanded polystyrene can be used as permanent formwork, either to provide thermal insulation, for example, under floors and ground beams, or to form voids in large members. more
|
|
|
Title:
External in-situ concrete paving
(870)
|
|
Short description:
Very large areas of paving are constructed around distribution centres and retail and manufacturing facilities each year. more
|
|
|
Title:
External vibrators
(216)
|
|
Short description:
External vibrators, consisting of an electrically or pneumatically operated motor with an out-of-balance component, are mounted on the formwork. more
|
|
|
Title:
Externally bonded FRP – Applications
(613)
|
|
Short description:
Typical applications for strengthening concrete structures with FRP are listed below. more
|
|
|
Title:
Externally bonded FRP - Beams and slabs
(37)
|
|
Short description:
Carbon fibre composite plates can be used for strengthening beams and slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Externally bonded FRP - Columns
(597)
|
|
Short description:
Fibre composites (FRPs) are widely used to strengthen columns. more
|
|
|
Title:
Externally bonded FRP - General
(596)
|
|
Short description:
Externally bonded fibre composite materials (FRPs), consisting of carbon, glass or aramid fibres combined with a suitable resin, are widely used for strengthening concrete structures. more
|
|
|
Title:
Externally bonded FRP – Inspection
(612)
|
|
Short description:
FRP strengthening systems for concrete structures must be correctly specified for the anticipated loadings and environment. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fabric
(111)
|
|
Short description:
Fabric (to BS 4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete) consists of high yield steel bars welded together to form a mat. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fabric (historic)
(659)
|
|
Short description:
In the past wire fabric was produced from twisted square sections, twin twisted material and plain round drawn wire. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fabrics & Plastic Meshes
(339)
|
|
Short description:
Fabric bags, for example made from hessian, can sometimes be used as permanent formwork. more
|
|
|
Title:
Failures and defects
(80)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is not a homogeneous material and will always contain some defects. more
|
|
|
Title:
Falsework
(81)
|
|
Short description:
Falsework is the general term for the structure that is required to support the formwork while the concrete is being cast and until such time as the concrete has gained sufficient strength to carry its own weight and general constuction and any other imposed loading. more
|
|
|
Title:
Falsework
(389)
|
|
Short description:
For information on falsework (to support the concrete until it has achieved sufficient strength) for in situ construction see main entry ´Falsework´ and subsequent sub-headings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fast construction of concrete bridges
(774)
|
|
Short description:
Society and the construction industry are continually setting targets where speed is of the essence. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fencing
(618)
|
|
Short description:
Precast concrete fence posts are available in a range of sizes and heights. more
|
|
|
Title:
Ferrocement
(526)
|
|
Short description:
Ferrocement is a composite material composed of a mortar reinforced with light steel mesh, used to form thin sections. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibre concrete
(527)
|
|
Short description:
Various types of fibre may be added to the concrete to improve its properties, either in the fresh (unhardened) state or in service. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibre reinforced concrete
(844)
|
|
Short description:
Steel or macro synthetic fibres may be added to the concrete either at the ready-mixed plant or to the mixer truck on site. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibre reinforced floors
(247)
|
|
Short description:
Over the last ten years, ground-supported floor slabs have been designed and built using steel or polypropylene fibres to enhance concrete properties. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
(105)
|
|
Short description:
FRP reinforcement consists of high strength/high stiffness fibres combined with a suitable resin to form a rod or grid. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibre-reinforced segmental tunnel linings
(845)
|
|
Short description:
Precast concrete segmental linings have been produced traditionally in both reinforced concrete and plain (unreinforced) concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibres
(144)
|
|
Short description:
Various types of fibre can be added to concrete during mixing to modify the plastic and/or hardened concrete properties. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fibres for concrete
(775)
|
|
Short description:
Part 2, Polymer fibres – Definition, specifications and conformity. more
|
|
|
Title:
Figg test
(572)
|
|
Short description:
The Figg test measures water permeability in a 5. more
|
|
|
Title:
Filler joist slabs
(739)
|
|
Short description:
‘Filler joist’ as an early form of floor slab construction, which was commonly used between about the 1880s and 1920s. more
|
|
|
Title:
Finish
(176)
|
|
Short description:
The appearance of concrete cast against formwork will be dictated by a number of factors, including the type and quality of the face of the formwork and the design of the concrete mix. more
|
|
|
Title:
Finishes for composite slabs on steel decking
(883)
|
|
Short description:
It is generally not possible to construct composite slabs to tight level to datum and flatness tolerances due to the deflection of the supporting beams and the flexibility of the steel decking. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fire
(35)
|
|
Short description:
BS8110: more
|
|
|
Title:
Fire damage
(279)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete structures are very resistant to fire. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fixing reinforcement
(120)
|
|
Short description:
Individual reinforcing bars are joined together to form the reinforcement cage, generally using tying wire. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fixings
(168)
|
|
Short description:
Fixings are for the connection of items to the concrete once it has hardened, such as supporting brackets. more
|
|
|
Title:
Flags
(324)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete flag paving is available in a variety of colours and textures, enabling it to be used to delineate different functions. more
|
|
|
Title:
Flat slabs
(847)
|
|
Short description:
Flat slabs are appropriate for most floor situations and also for irregular column layouts, curved floor shapes, ramps etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Flexural (bending) cracks
(185)
|
|
Short description:
Flexural cracks on the sides of a beam start at the tension face and will extend, at most, up to the neutral axis. more
|
|
|
Title:
Floated and trowelled finishes
(880)
|
|
Short description:
Prior to the introduction of power tools, a floated finish was that produced by a large, generally wooden or sometimes metal, hand float moved over the surface when the concrete was still plastic. more
|
|
|
Title:
Floor construction tolerances
(780)
|
|
Short description:
It is impossible to construct a ground supported slab to the exact dimensions as detailed on the construction drawings, as is the case with all construction, dimensional tolerances need to be allowed for in the design and construction processes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Floor plates for floor systems (BS EN)
(805)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 13747, Precast concrete products – Floor plates for floor systems. more
|
|
|
Title:
Floor saw
(829)
|
|
Short description:
The floor saw is either pushed by the operator or more generally it is a self-propelled unit, powered by either a diesel, petrol engine or electric motor and guided by the operator. more
|
|
|
Title:
Floor surface regularity
(621)
|
|
Short description:
The surface profiles of a ground-supported floor need to be controlled so that departures in the profile from a theoretically perfectly flat plane are limited to an extent appropriate to the planned use of the floor. more
|
|
|
Title:
Flooring concrete
(160)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete for flooring needs to have particular properties to cope with the wear and tear of the traffic, both foot and vehicular. more
|
|
|
Title:
Flow test
(560)
|
|
Short description:
The flow test is used for high workability concrete (with a slump of more that 175 mm). more
|
|
|
Title:
Fly ash or Pulverised fuel ash
(136)
|
|
Short description:
Fly ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash (pfa) is the ash resulting from the burning of pulverised coal in coal-fired electricity power stations. more
|
|
|
Title:
Flying forms
(536)
|
|
Short description:
Flying forms (or table forms) consist of a pair of steel or aluminium trusses topped with closely spaced joists that support a plywood deck. more
|
|
|
Title:
Foamed Concrete
(355)
|
|
Short description:
Foamed concrete is a highly aerated mortar/paste, typically containing 30 to 80%air bubbles by volume . more
|
|
|
Title:
Foamed concrete - Applications
(358)
|
|
Short description:
Foamed concrete is a versatile material. more
|
|
|
Title:
Foamed concrete - Examples of the use
(359)
|
|
Short description:
Foamed concrete was used for construction of new railway bridge embankments in Colchester to reduce the load imposed on the low strength in-situ ground. more
|
|
|
Title:
Foamed concrete - general properties
(357)
|
|
Short description:
Foamed concrete is not comparable with conventional normal or even lightweight aggregate concrete and should be considered as a unique type of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Foamed concrete - Quality control
(356)
|
|
Short description:
Foamed concrete is produced either by adding a quantity of preformed foam to a mortar or paste directly into a truck mixer or via a special in-line mixer using ready mixed mortar or paste. more
|
|
|
Title:
Foamed concrete admixtures
(478)
|
|
Short description:
Foamed concrete admixtures are surfactants that are diluted with water before passing through a foam generator to produce a stable foam, similar to shaving cream. more
|
|
|
Title:
Footbridges
(367)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete footbridges will use either in situ construction or precast units and may be either reinforced or prestressed. more
|
|
|
Title:
Footfall-induced vibration
(835)
|
|
Short description:
When people walk on floors, staircases, bridges or other structures they apply dynamic forces that cause the structures to vibrate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Form of construction - car parks
(632)
|
|
Short description:
The structural form of a multi-storey car park will be heavily influenced by the design geometry adopted. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formation of thermal contraction cracks
(449)
|
|
Short description:
If early thermal contraction is restrained, cracking will occur if the restrained strain (or induced stress) exceeds the capacity of the concrete, i. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formwork
(388)
|
|
Short description:
For information on formwork for in situ construction see main category ´Formwork´ and subsequent sub-headings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formwork
(79)
|
|
Short description:
Formwork is the general term given to the mould into which concrete is poured. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formwork - Demountable
(260)
|
|
Short description:
In general formwork is removed once the concrete has gained sufficient strength. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formwork - Permanent
(259)
|
|
Short description:
Generally formwork is removed when the concrete has gained adequate strength. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formwork materials
(268)
|
|
Short description:
A range of materials can be used for form faces and for their immediate support. more
|
|
|
Title:
Formwork shape
(345)
|
|
Short description:
The type of formwork erected will depend on the shape of the element being constructed. more
|
|
|
Title:
Foundations
(271)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete foundations in their simplest form consist of concrete cast directly onto the ground, such as strip foundations for walls or pad foundations for columns. more
|
|
|
Title:
Free standing retaining walls
(617)
|
|
Short description:
Precast concrete retaining wall units are used in a range of applications, both permanent and temporary, for retaining soil and other bulk materials. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fresh concrete
(177)
|
|
Short description:
The selection of an appropriate concrete mix for a particular application will need to consider the method of construction as well as the required long-term properties. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fresh concrete - British Standards
(63)
|
|
Short description:
Testing of fresh concrete has largely been superseded by BS EN 12350, Testing fresh concretes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fresh concrete - environmetal aspects
(205)
|
|
Short description:
The supply of ready-mixed concrete invariably produces some waste materials and water. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fresh concrete – European Standards
(637)
|
|
Short description:
Testing of fresh concrete is covered by various parts of BS EN 12350, Testing fresh concrete, including: more
|
|
|
Title:
Fresh concrete testing
(468)
|
|
Short description:
To gauge the rheological (fluid) properties of fresh concrete a series of tests are available. more
|
|
|
Title:
Friction between elements
(833)
|
|
Short description:
There may be a requirement to know the coefficient of friction between elements in contact, for example precast units resting on a concrete corbel or structural steel members on a concrete support. more
|
|
|
Title:
FRP prestressing tendons
(41)
|
|
Short description:
FRP (Fibre Reinforced Plastic) prestressing tendons consist of high strength/high stiffness carbon, glass or aramid fibres combined with a suitable resin, generally epoxy-based. more
|
|
|
Title:
Fusion bonded epoxy coated steel
(108)
|
|
Short description:
Fusion bonded epoxy coated steel is standard reinforcing steel covered with a thin coating of fusion bonded epoxy. more
|
|
|
Title:
Galvanised steel
(107)
|
|
Short description:
Galvanised reinforcement will provide some improved corrosion resistance in situations in which carbonation is the main problem. more
|
|
|
Title:
Gases
(145)
|
|
Short description:
Gases can be deliberately or accidentally incorporated into concrete leaving voids in the hardened concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
General notes on concrete
(2)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is characterised by two main states, fresh and hardened, which in simple terms describe the mobility (or lack of mobility) of the material. more
|
|
|
Title:
Geometric requirements
(633)
|
|
Short description:
Parking arrangements should be designed to allow drivers to manoeuvre easily and safely and, where appropriate, to segregate vehicles from pedestrian areas and routes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Geopolymers
(902)
|
|
Short description:
created by the production of Portland cement, there is interest in the development of alternative materials. more
|
|
|
Title:
Geothermal piles
(922)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Glass Fibre Reinforced Concrete (GRC)
(344)
|
|
Short description:
Glass fibre reinforced concrete (often erroneously referred to as glass reinforced cement) was originally developed as an alternative to asbestos cladding sheets. more
|
|
|
Title:
Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics (GRP)
(337)
|
|
Short description:
Glass fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) are used in a range of construction applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Glass fibres
(551)
|
|
Short description:
A range of different types of glass fibres is manufactured and used in a variety of applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Glassfibre reinforced concrete (GRC)
(100)
|
|
Short description:
GRC (Glassfibre Reinforced Concrete) is the name given to the material produced when Alkali Resistant (AR) fibres are added as reinforcement to a mortar or concrete mix. more
|
|
|
Title:
Glassfibre reinforced concrete manufacture
(101)
|
|
Short description:
GRC components can be manufactured by various methods but the two most common are Simultaneous Spray-up and Cast Premix. more
|
|
|
Title:
Glossary of concrete terms
(29)
|
|
Short description:
There are many glossaries and dictionaries of standard terms of the construction industry. more
|
|
|
Title:
Grit blasted surface finish
(728)
|
|
Short description:
Grit blasting can produce a finish similar to acid etching (see separate entry Acid etched finish) or it can be used as a more aggressive means of removing the laitance and exposing the coarse aggregate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Ground granulated blastfurnace slag
(135)
|
|
Short description:
Ground granulated blastfurnace slag (ggbs) is the slag from iron producing blastfurnaces that is rapidly quenched in water and then ground into a powder. more
|
|
|
Title:
Ground supported floors
(154)
|
|
Short description:
Ground-supported concrete floors are used in many types of building, ranging from simple houses through to schools, factories, and very large warehouses. more
|
|
|
Title:
Grout for prestressing tendons
(886)
|
|
Short description:
European Standards have been published that cover various aspects of the grouting of tendons, as follows: more
|
|
|
Title:
Grouting of post-tensioned tendons
(757)
|
|
Short description:
The grouting of the ducts surrounding post-tensioning tendons provides the necessary mechanical connection to transfer the stresses between the tendons and the concrete and also protects the tendons from corrosion. more
|
|
|
Title:
Guide to reinforcing steels
(734)
|
|
Short description:
UK CARES are publishing a series of information sheets on various aspects of reinforcement production and use. more
|
|
|
Title:
Half cell potential
(443)
|
|
Short description:
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is an electro-chemical process and the behaviour of the steel can be characterised by measuring its half-cell potential. more
|
|
|
Title:
Handling and storage of reinforcement
(119)
|
|
Short description:
Care must be taken to avoid damage to bundles of reinforcement during off-loading. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hardened concrete - environmental aspects
(206)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete (and other building materials) can be crushed, graded and recycled as coarse aggregate in new concrete if deleterious materials (such as steel reinforcement, timber etc) can be separated and removed. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hardened concrete – European Standards
(638)
|
|
Short description:
Testing of hardened concrete is covered by BS EN 12390, Testing hardened concrete, including: more
|
|
|
Title:
Hardened concrete testing
(469)
|
|
Short description:
There are many tests available to assess the hardened properties of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hardened concrete testing - Non destructive
(262)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Hardened concrete testing on specimens - British Standards
(261)
|
|
Short description:
Testing of hardened concrete has largely been superseded by various Parts of BS EN 12390, Testing hardened concrete and BS EN 12504, Testing concrete in structures. more
|
|
|
Title:
Headed reinforcement
(897)
|
|
Short description:
Headed reinforcing bars are standard lengths of reinforcement with heads (rectangular steel plates) attached at one or both ends, generally by means of friction welding. more
|
|
|
Title:
Healing dermatitis
(604)
|
|
Short description:
Dermatitis generally only involves the superficial parts of the skin. more
|
|
|
Title:
Health
(603)
|
|
Short description:
In the context of this section, health refers to the physical well being of an operative rather than the measures required for his protection i. more
|
|
|
Title:
Health advice
(602)
|
|
Short description:
There a number of health risks with concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Health and safety
(95)
|
|
Short description:
The process of designing concrete structures to recognised Standards, codes and regulations will ensure that they are structurally safe, i. more
|
|
|
Title:
Health and Safety - CDM
(67)
|
|
Short description:
Under the Construction (Design & Management) Regulations, generally known as the CDM Regulations designers have a duty to provide information on the significant risks in the design that cannot be avoided. more
|
|
|
Title:
Health and safety at work
(753)
|
|
Short description:
The The Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996, apply to and in relation to construction work carried out by a person at work. more
|
|
|
Title:
Heavyweight concrete
(785)
|
|
Short description:
Heavyweight concrete uses heavy natural aggregates such as barites or magnetite or manufactured aggregates such as iron or lead shot. more
|
|
|
Title:
High Alumina Cement
(795)
|
|
Short description:
High Alumina Cement (HAC) differs from Portland cement, being composed calcium aluminates rather than calcium silicates. more
|
|
|
Title:
High strength columns and normal strength slabs
(680)
|
|
Short description:
The economic design of a high-rise frame building may call for high strength concrete in the columns and a lower strength in the floor slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
High strength concrete
(528)
|
|
Short description:
, although higher strengths have been achieved and used. more
|
|
|
Title:
High Strength Concrete
(365)
|
|
Short description:
The design approaches given in codes such as BS 8110, are based on ‘normal’ concrete strengths. more
|
|
|
Title:
High tensile bars
(231)
|
|
Short description:
As an alternative to wires or strand, high tensile steel bars may be used. more
|
|
|
Title:
High workability concrete
(149)
|
|
Short description:
A concrete that can be readily compacted is termed ´workable´. more
|
|
|
Title:
High Yield Steel
(104)
|
|
Short description:
and is designated as Grade 500 in BS 4449, Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Highway Authorities Product Approval Scheme
(547)
|
|
Short description:
HAPAS (the Highway Authorities Product Approval Scheme) was set up by the Highways Agency (HA), the County Surveyors Society (CCS) and the British Board of Agrément (BBA), with the objective of developing national approval arrangements for innovative products, materials and systems for use in highways and related areas. more
|
|
|
Title:
Historic non-traditional houses
(772)
|
|
Short description:
The term ‘non-traditional housing’ may be used to describe all the various methods of house building that have moved away from the traditional ‘bricks and mortar’. more
|
|
|
Title:
Historical information on buildings and structures
(804)
|
|
Short description:
When inspecting an old building, information such as the materials used and the form of construction may not be readily available. more
|
|
|
Title:
History
(82)
|
|
Short description:
A form of concrete was used as early as 7000 BC. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hollow Clay Pots
(342)
|
|
Short description:
At one time hollow clay pots were used to form the voids between ribs in trough slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hollow core slabs (BS EN)
(796)
|
|
Short description:
The requirements for precast hollow core slabs made from reinforced or prestressed normal weight concrete, are given in: more
|
|
|
Title:
Hollow-core slabs
(311)
|
|
Short description:
Hollow-core floor slabs are precast prestressed concrete elements with continuous voids provided to reduce self-weight and achieve structural efficiency. more
|
|
|
Title:
Honeycombing
(454)
|
|
Short description:
Honeycombing is the term used to describe areas of the surface that are coarse and stony. more
|
|
|
Title:
Horizontal panel formwork systems
(858)
|
|
Short description:
The components of lightweight panel formwork systems are engineered to give robust, easy to handle solutions capable of dealing with both regular and irregular formwork areas. more
|
|
|
Title:
Horizontal slipforming
(395)
|
|
Short description:
Horizontal slip-forming is a method of constructing continuous concrete elements, such as kerbs, drainage channels and safety barriers. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hot weather concreting
(391)
|
|
Short description:
A high ambient temperature increases the temperature of the fresh concrete, resulting in more rapid hydration of the cement and leading to accelerated setting. more
|
|
|
Title:
House and garden
(366)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is not just for large structures built by specialist contractors. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hybrid construction
(537)
|
|
Short description:
Hybrid construction is generally taken to be the combination of in situ concrete with precast concrete units, such as in situ columns with precast floor slabs and vice versa. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hydraulic bursting
(748)
|
|
Short description:
This is a method of silent demolition that uses a hydraulic power unit, powered by electricity, diesel or petrol. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hydraulic crushing
(749)
|
|
Short description:
This equipment can only be used when a free edge is available. more
|
|
|
Title:
Hydrodemolition
(867)
|
|
Short description:
Hydrodemolition provides an efficient method of cutting and removing concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Imperial bar sizes
(658)
|
|
Short description:
Before metrication, the generally available size range for both round and square or chamfered square bars was ¼ inch to 1½ inches in the sizes shown below: more
|
|
|
Title:
Importance of aggregate grading
(424)
|
|
Short description:
Ideally coarse and fine aggregate should be graded in such a way as to minimise the voidage. more
|
|
|
Title:
Imprinted concrete paving
(752)
|
|
Short description:
Imprinted (or Pattern Imprinted or Stamped) concrete is a popular decorative technique for driveways, patios and paths. more
|
|
|
Title:
Improving U values
(595)
|
|
Short description:
Many ways of improving U-values of cement based materials are feasible. more
|
|
|
Title:
In service cracks
(183)
|
|
Short description:
Reinforced concrete is designed on the assumption that the concrete has no significant strength in tension and that all tensile stresses will be carried by the steel reinforcement. more
|
|
|
Title:
In service deterioration - chemical
(699)
|
|
Short description:
There will be some signs of deterioration on any structures in service. more
|
|
|
Title:
In service deterioration - environmental
(700)
|
|
Short description:
There will be some signs of deterioration on any structures in service. more
|
|
|
Title:
In service deterioration - loading
(701)
|
|
Short description:
There will be some signs of deterioration on any structures in service. more
|
|
|
Title:
In service deterioration - materials
(522)
|
|
Short description:
There will be some signs of deterioration on any structures in service. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ Beams
(352)
|
|
Short description:
Many structures (e. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ Columns
(353)
|
|
Short description:
Many structures will require in situ columns. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ concrete suspended floors
(244)
|
|
Short description:
An in situ concrete suspended floor is one constructed with reinforced concrete and designed to carry its own weight and any imposed a loading, spanning between supporting members in a structure. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ linings
(370)
|
|
Short description:
Tunnels cut through hard rock may be lined with concrete cast in situ. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ methods
(180)
|
|
Short description:
Most construction is carried out in situ. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ safety barriers
(625)
|
|
Short description:
There are a number of different profiles for cast in situ safety barriers, providing varying levels of containment. more
|
|
|
Title:
In situ tests – European Standards
(639)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Incremental launching - Applications
(383)
|
|
Short description:
The advantages and disadvantages of incremental launching are given below. more
|
|
|
Title:
Incremental launching - General
(382)
|
|
Short description:
In situations where the deck is straight (or with constant curvature) and there is a requirement to avoid providing false work in the spanned area, incremental launching may be appropriate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Industrial surface preparation equipment
(789)
|
|
Short description:
The removal of existing floor coverings, for example, sheet vinyl, linoleum etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Influence of cement and sand on colour
(878)
|
|
Short description:
Colour variation in concrete is inherent to the constituent materials. more
|
|
|
Title:
Initial surface absorption
(571)
|
|
Short description:
The initial surface absorption test (ISAT) uses a plastic cap sealed to the concrete surface using modelling clay. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-service environmental performance - buildings
(204)
|
|
Short description:
In commercial buildings, concrete offers a pleasant, comfortable and secure working environment, with suitable lighting levels and thermal control combined with the design and construction requirements of the building’s structure and external envelope. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-service environmental performance - housing
(203)
|
|
Short description:
In UK domestic buildings, about 65% of the total energy used is in space heating, followed by 22% for hot water. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-service performance – Leaching
(825)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is a conglomerate of aggregates, cement and chemical admixtures. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-situ concrete
(360)
|
|
Short description:
This is fresh or unhardened concrete that is placed into suitable moulds in the position in which it will be used. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-situ Concrete
(332)
|
|
Short description:
Previously cast in-situ concrete is often used as part of the formwork for subsequent concrete pours and the older and newer concretes may be required to act compositely. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-situ concrete buildings
(397)
|
|
Short description:
This section relates to commercial and industrial insitu concrete building construction. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-situ core strength compared to standard cube strength
(807)
|
|
Short description:
There is no unique relationship between the strength of in-situ concrete, obtained from a core taken from a structure, and that of a standard cured cube cast from the same concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Insitu tests - British Standards
(64)
|
|
Short description:
Testing of concrete in situ has largely been superseded by various Parts of BS EN 12504, Testing concrete in structures. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-situ to precast connections
(400)
|
|
Short description:
There are many situations in which a connection is required between a precast concrete element and in situ concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
In-situ, precast and tilt-up concrete walls
(249)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can be cast in-situ or precast between vertical formwork to produce walls that carry vertical and/or horizontal loads in structures. more
|
|
|
Title:
Inspection
(84)
|
|
Short description:
Inspection should be carried out at all steps in the construction process to ensure quality. more
|
|
|
Title:
Inspection and maintenance
(577)
|
|
Short description:
When correctly designed, specified and constructed, concrete structures should require very little maintenance. more
|
|
|
Title:
Insulating concrete formwork
(869)
|
|
Short description:
Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF) is an innovative modern method of construction which combines the inherent strength of concrete with the excellent thermal insulation properties of polystyrene to produce cost-effective and durable structures. more
|
|
|
Title:
Insulation and U values
(594)
|
|
Short description:
Dense concrete has a large thermal mass and it is not a particularly good insulator. more
|
|
|
Title:
Integral bridges
(589)
|
|
Short description:
Integral bridges can be defined as bridges without joints. more
|
|
|
Title:
Integration of building services
(892)
|
|
Short description:
Structural engineers and building services engineers need to work together very closely to ensure that the decisions made by the structural engineer will suit the building’s comfort requirements. more
|
|
|
Title:
Jacked box underbridges
(866)
|
|
Short description:
Large concrete boxes can be installed beneath existing railway or highway infrastructure to provide new underbridges with little or no disruption to traffic flows, unlike the traditional cut and cover methods. more
|
|
|
Title:
Joints and connections
(182)
|
|
Short description:
It is often impossible to pour large areas (or volumes) of concrete without interruption hence construction joints are required. more
|
|
|
Title:
Joints in external paving
(873)
|
|
Short description:
Tensile and compressive stresses will be induced in concrete by restrained thermal and moisture-related contraction and expansion effects. more
|
|
|
Title:
Jump form construction
(535)
|
|
Short description:
Jump forms are one method for the construction of the cores (that house the lifts, staircases etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Jump form systems
(860)
|
|
Short description:
Generally jump form systems (taken to include systems often described as ‘climbing form’) comprise the formwork and working platforms for cleaning and fixing the formwork, steel fixing and concreting. more
|
|
|
Title:
Laboratory testing
(166)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete´s constituent materials and concrete in the fresh and hardened state can be subjected to a variety of tests to ascertain physical, chemical and mechanical properties. more
|
|
|
Title:
Large pour area ground-supported floors
(156)
|
|
Short description:
There are two major benefits from constructing floors using large area pours and using sawn grooves to form induced joints, these are speed of output and the avoidance of the many formed joints necessary when strip construction is used. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lattice girder slabs
(310)
|
|
Short description:
Lattice girder slabs act as permanent formwork and as precast soffits for robust, high capacity composite floor slabs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Life cycle assessment/analysis of concrete
(769)
|
|
Short description:
Sustainability has become an important consideration for the construction industry. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lift slab construction
(387)
|
|
Short description:
Lift slab is a form of construction in which all the slabs in a building are cast on top of each other at ground level, jacked up the columns to their final level and then fixed to the columns. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lifting
(209)
|
|
Short description:
On all but the smallest construction sites, lifting equipment (either mobile or fixed) is used to handle all the components required for constructing reinforced concrete, that is the formwork and falsework, the reinforcement and the concrete itself. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lightweight aggregate concrete
(13)
|
|
Short description:
This forms the bulk of lightweight concrete on site and can be used as a structural material. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lightweight Aggregate Concrete - Materials
(202)
|
|
Short description:
By using lightweight aggregate concrete, the weight of the structure can be reduced and less concrete is used, resulting in smaller foundations. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lightweight aggregates
(849)
|
|
Short description:
In the UK the most commonly used lightweight aggregate is LYTAG, a sintered fly ash, also known as pulverised fuel ash (pfa). more
|
|
|
Title:
Lightweight concrete
(12)
|
|
Short description:
depending on the materials used. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lightweight concrete - Batching and placing
(14)
|
|
Short description:
Batching is similar to that of normal concrete, generally from ready-mixed concrete outlets. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lignite
(515)
|
|
Short description:
Lignite is a soft, weak, black or brown substance, akin to coal, naturally occurring in some aggregate sources. more
|
|
|
Title:
Lime leaching
(520)
|
|
Short description:
Leaching of lime compounds can lead to the formation of calcium carbonate or calcium sulphate on the surface of the concrete; this is known as ‘efflorescence’. more
|
|
|
Title:
Limestone fines as an addition to cement
(925)
|
|
Short description:
more
|
|
|
Title:
Linear polarisation resistance
(619)
|
|
Short description:
Measuring the polarisation resistance of reinforcing steel is one of the few methods of assessing corrosion rate, with the current density being related to the rate of loss of metal. more
|
|
|
Title:
Loadings - British Standards
(49)
|
|
Short description:
The main Standard for loadings applied to structures is BS 6399, that is divided into three parts as follows: more
|
|
|
Title:
Loadings - Draft European Standards
(293)
|
|
Short description:
Common European Standards have been prepared to cover all aspects of design. more
|
|
|
Title:
Local surface rust staining
(452)
|
|
Short description:
Localised rust coloured stains on the concrete surface may be caused by small amounts of contaminants in the aggregate, such as pyrites. more
|
|
|
Title:
Macro synthetic fibres
(767)
|
|
Short description:
Macro synthetic fibres, sometimes known as ‘structural’ synthetic fibres, are made from a blend of polymers and were originally developed to provide an alternative to steel fibres in some applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Macro-synthetic-fibre-reinforced concrete
(842)
|
|
Short description:
Macro synthetic fibres are typically used in structural concrete as replacement for nominal bar or fabric reinforcement; they do not replace structural steel designed in accordance with codes such as BS 8110 or Eurocode 2, and can not be design in accordance with these codes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Magnesite (Magnesium Oxychloride) Flooring
(820)
|
|
Short description:
Magnesite flooring is not commonly used at the current time but was very popular for domestic applications in the period 1920 to 1940, and for Local Authority housing between 1945 and 1960. more
|
|
|
Title:
Maintenance
(86)
|
|
Short description:
When correctly designed, specified and constructed concrete structures require little maintenance. more
|
|
|
Title:
Maintenance of external paving
(875)
|
|
Short description:
Correctly designed and constructed external concrete pavements should have a long service life and require only limited maintenance. more
|
|
|
Title:
Making cubes on site
(558)
|
|
Short description:
Cubes should be made in accordance with BS EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Manholes & Chambers
(329)
|
|
Short description:
Circular chamber sections (to BS 5911: more
|
|
|
Title:
Manufacturing improvements for Portland cement
(193)
|
|
Short description:
Actions being taken by manufacturers to reduce environmental aspects include the reduction of primary raw material needs by increased use of by-products from other industries and the use of waste products as alternative fuels (oil, solvents, tyres). more
|
|
|
Title:
Marine
(173)
|
|
Short description:
The major traditional use of concrete in the marine environment is for coastal protection and for the construction of docks and harbours. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry
(336)
|
|
Short description:
Masonry (natural stone, concrete or clay) can be used as permanent vertical formwork for beams and walls. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry
(722)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete bricks and blocks are available in a wide range of compressive strengths to suit all applications. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Acoustic properties
(712)
|
|
Short description:
The requirements for the resistance to the passage of sound are contained in Approved Document E of The Building Regulations. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Aircrete block manufacture
(707)
|
|
Short description:
Aircrete blocks are produced by mixing of Fly ash, also known as pulversided fuel ash (pfa), and/or finely ground sand with cement and/or lime slurry into which a small quantity of aluminium powder is added. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Ancillary applications
(719)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete masonry can be used in other applications other than walling. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Concrete block and brick manufacture
(706)
|
|
Short description:
The vast majority of concrete blocks are produced by one of two different manufacturing processes. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Construction
(720)
|
|
Short description:
Block and brick construction should comply with the relevant clauses of BS 5628-3 Code of practice for the use of masonry - materials and components, design and workmanship and BS 8000 : more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Densities
(709)
|
|
Short description:
Aggregate blocks come in two types. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Durability
(713)
|
|
Short description:
Generally, concrete masonry is a durable and robust product that can be used for internal applications including the inner leaf of cavity walls. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Finishes
(717)
|
|
Short description:
Certain types of concrete masonry can be left unfinished while others will readily accept an applied finish, provided it is suitable for application to an alkaline background and permits a degree of moisture vapour movement through the construction. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Fire resistance
(714)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete masonry (except that containing combustible material) is classed as a non-combustible and has a Class 0 spread of flame rating. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Mortar
(718)
|
|
Short description:
Mortar provides an important function in the construction of a robust, structural load bearing and durable concrete masonry wall system. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Movement
(716)
|
|
Short description:
Movement control is an important aspect in achieving a visually acceptable masonry wall. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Resistance to moisture
(715)
|
|
Short description:
The ability of concrete masonry walls to resist rain penetration will depend on the wall construction, block type and exposure. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Sizes & strengths
(710)
|
|
Short description:
Aggregate blocks are normally available in two face sizes (440 x 215 mm or 390 x 190 mm) in a range of thickness from 75 mm to 215 mm. more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Thermal properties
(711)
|
|
Short description:
The requirements for the conservation of fuel and power are given in the Building Regulations Approved Documents L1 (dwellings) and L2 (buildings other than dwellings). more
|
|
|
Title:
Masonry - Workmanship
(721)
|
|
Short description:
Masonry units should be laid on a full bed of mortar and the ‘perpends’ substantially filled (except in the case where weep hole are required). more
|
|
|
Title:
Masts and poles (BS EN)
(762)
|
|
Short description:
The requirements for precast masts or poles (either all of a piece or composed of separate elements) of reinforced or prestressed concrete are covered by: more
|
|
|
Title:
Materials
(239)
|
|
Short description:
As far as possible, the properties of the materials selected for repair should be close to those of the parent concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Materials
(242)
|
|
Short description:
The specification of concrete, and most of the materials used in its production(such as the cement, aggregates etc) are covered by appropriate British Standards. more
|
|
|
Title:
Materials
(229)
|
|
Short description:
The prestressing force is applied by wires or strands, usually of steel though fibre composite materials are being introduced. more
|
|
|
Title:
Materials for falsework
(263)
|
|
Short description:
A range of materials may be used for falsework. more
|
|
|
Title:
Materials, products and systems accreditation
(543)
|
|
Short description:
There are various schemes for the accreditation of materials, products and systems. more
|
|
|
Title:
Measures to reduce cracking
(891)
|
|
Short description:
The planning of a building to accommodate movement must be considered at the earliest possible stage of the design process. more
|
|
|
Title:
Metakaolin
(768)
|
|
Short description:
Metakaolin is a pozzolan, probably the most effective pozzolanic material for use in concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Methods and mixing
(421)
|
|
Short description:
The behaviour of fresh and hardened concrete is significantly related to the composition and so it should be possible to choose the later to satisfy the former. more
|
|
|
Title:
Methods and mixing small quantities by hand
(428)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can be mixed in one of two ways for household projects: more
|
|
|
Title:
Mild Steel
(103)
|
|
Short description:
and was designated as Grade 250 in BS 4449 Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mix design
(87)
|
|
Short description:
The process of mix design involves the selection of appropriate constituent materials and proportioning them to produce the required concrete properties. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mix design assessment
(425)
|
|
Short description:
Mixing can be carried out on a small scale (a few litres in a laboratory) through to 6000 litres at a ready mixed concrete or site batch plant. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mixing small quantities by mechanical mixer
(427)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete can be mixed in one of two ways for household projects: more
|
|
|
Title:
Mixing water for concrete
(642)
|
|
Short description:
The standard for the requirements of the quality of water to be used in mixing concrete is BS EN 1008, Mixing water for concrete. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mobile batching plants
(213)
|
|
Short description:
Mobile batching plants are suitable for small quantities of concrete (e. more
|
|
|
Title:
Modular bridges
(914)
|
|
Short description:
A modular precast concrete system has been developed, which consists of relatively light 2. more
|
|
|
Title:
Modular Walls
(318)
|
|
Short description:
Various precast modular wall systems are available, consisting of individual concrete blocks that lock together (without the need for mortar) to form a retaining wall. more
|
|
|
Title:
Moisture in new concrete floors
(778)
|
|
Short description:
Moisture in new concrete floors can affect the long-term serviceability of finishes and possibly the building maintenance and operating costs. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mortar and grout
(88)
|
|
Short description:
Grout is a mixture of cement and water, generally sufficiently fluid to be poured without segregation of the materials. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mortar repairs
(494)
|
|
Short description:
) that are placed by hand. more
|
|
|
Title:
Mortars for masonry
(609)
|
|
Short description:
BS EN 998, Specification for mortar for masonry: more
|
|
|
Title:
Mortars, screeds and grouts
(65)
|
|
Short description:
Mortars, screeds and grouts are covered by: more
|
|
|
Title:
Moulds for precast
(384)
|
|
Short description:
Standards precast concrete units are generally formed in steel moulds, that are suitable for multiple, repetitive use. more
|
|
|
Title:
Movements
(635)
|
|
Short description:
Structural elements of car parks are susceptible to movement both during and after construction. more
|
|
|
Title:
Multi-storey car parks
(631)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is widely used the construction of multi-storey car parks, either as the principal structural material or compositely with steel. more
|
|
|
Title:
Natural cement
(375)
|
|
Short description:
Cement Rock is the term given to a limestone containing up to 25% clayey (argillaceous) material. more
|
|
|
Title:
Near-surface mounted reinforcement
(457)
|
|
Short description:
The technique of near-surface mounted reinforcement for strengthening concrete structures is currently being developed as an alternative to externally bonded fibre composite materials. more
|
|
|
Title:
Near-surface strength tests
(462)
|
|
Short description:
There are various near-to-surface test methods which can be used to assess strength. more
|
|
|
Title:
No-fines concrete
(16)
|
|
Short description:
This form of lightweight concrete is generally a crushed rock or gravel of 20 mm single size aggregate (10/20) coated in a cement slurry with no fine aggregate addition. more
|
|
|
Title:
No-fines concrete: Fixings
(903)
|
|
Short description:
The no-fines (voided concrete without sand) construction technique for buildings is not particularly suited to drilling of holes to provide adequate fixings. more
|
|
|
Title:
Noise in construction
(801)
|
|
Short description:
Exposure to loud noise can cause permanent hearing damage. more
|
|
|
Title:
Non-ferrous metals in concrete
(788)
|
|
Short description:
Copper is generally immune from attack by caustic alkalis and not affected by contact with lime or calcium hydroxide. more
|
|
|
Title:
Non-structural concrete
(5)
|
|
Short description:
Although concrete is seen by many as a single material, it in fact can be produced with many variable characteristics including strength, fluidity, colour and weight. more
|
|
|
Title:
Normal plasticising admixtures
(470)
|
|
Short description:
Normal plasticising admixtures reduce the amount of water needed to achieve a given workability in plastic concrete without significantly affecting the air content or setting characteristics. more
|
|
|
Title:
Normal weight concrete
(6)
|
|
Short description:
Although concrete is seen by many as a single material, it can be produced with many variable characteristics including strength, fluidity, colour and weight. more
|
|
|
Title:
Off site production
(723)
|
|
Short description:
Off-site production technologies offer the potential for reductions in cost, shorter programme times, fewer defects and fewer accidents on site. more
|
|
|
Title:
One-Pass Linings
(320)
|
|
Short description:
A One-pass lining consist of solid reinforced concrete segments manufactured in accordance with the Civil Engineering Specification for the water Industry. more
|
|
|
Title:
Organisations etc A to C
(410)
|
|
Short description:
ACIFC. more
|
|
|
Title:
Organisations etc D to H
(416)
|
|
Short description:
DBERR. more
|
|
|
Title:
Organisations etc I to Z
(411)
|
|
Short description:
ICorr. more
|
|
|
Title:
Ornamental
(257)
|
|
Short description:
Concrete is used to produce ornaments for gardens etc, such as statues, water features and garden furniture. more
|
|
|
Title:
Other textured finishes
(882)
|
|
Short description:
Turf drag surface finish is produced by trailing an inverted section of artificial turf across the surface on a device that controls time and rate. more
|
|
|
Title:
Over-loading
(524)
|
|
Short description:
Overloading the structure, or accidental loads such as impacts, will lead to the development of cracks. more
|
|
|
Title:
Overloading of structures
(276)
|
|
Short description:
While the design safety factors will enable a structure to accept some measure of overload structural damage will result from frequent small scale overloading or any major overloading. more
|
|
|
Title:
Overview of mix design
(423)
|
|
Short description:
In the past mix design was achieve by trial and error. more
|
|
|
Title:
Pad and Strip Foundations
(347)
|
|
Short description:
Pad foundations are used to support individual or multiple columns, spreading the load to the ground below. more
|
|
|
Title:
Parameters for mix design
(426)
|
|
Short description:
The selection of concrete proportions for a economical structural concrete should be based on test data or experience with the materials actually to be used. more
|
|
|
Title:
Paved area restrictions
(905)
|
|
Short description:
From 1 October 2008 new rules apply for householders wanting to pave over their front gardens. more
|
|
|
Title:
Paving
(254)
|
|
Short description:
Precast concrete is widely used as to provide paved areas with the use of flags, blocks, kerbs, channels, etc. more
|
|
|
Title:
Permeability testing
(901)
|
|
Short description:
The permeability of concrete to liquids, ions and gases is of direct relevance to both durable concrete and to leak-resistant concrete for containment. more
|
|
|
Title:
Petrographic tests
(575)
|
|
Short description:
Petrographic testing is the use of microscopes to examine samples of rock or concrete to determine their mineralogical and chemical characteristics. more
|
|
|
Title:
Phenol
(811)
|
|
Short description:
Phenols are common contaminants of brownfield sites where coal carbonation (manufacture of town gas, coking plants and tar works) occurred. more
|
|
|
Title:
Physical deterioration
(275)
|
|
Short description:
Physical factors that can lead to the deterioration of a structures performance include damage caused by overloading, impact, abrasion and fire. more
|